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- Karel Matějka
- IDS – Praha
- www.infodatasys.cz
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- The study (prepared within the project No. 2B06012, www.infodatasys.cz/biodivkrsu)
deals with basic parameters of the contemporary landscape and vegetation
cover in a landscape transect - the strip of 2 km in width and 18 km in
length. It begins near Horní Branná and ends in the upper parts near
Sněžka top. Whole transect was schematically divided into 18 intervals
(segments) of 1 km length. The transect geomorphological division is
possible in the form: segments 1-6 (455-725 m a.s.l.), ss. 7-9 (525-875
m), ss. 10-13 (715-1335 m, steeply increasing), ss. 14-16 (1055-1555 m)
and ss. 17-18 (1305-1550 m). Geology is changing from Permian rocks (ss.
1-3), Carboniferous r. (ss. 3-4), and Silurian r. (ss. 4-7), to
Proterozoic r.: gneiss (ss. 6-11), schists and phyllites (ss. 8-13),
schists with amphibolites etc. (ss. 14-17), and granite partially
covered by peat (ss. 17-18).
- The landscape types are distinguished agricultural (ss. 1-6; non-forest
biotopes >70 %), forested (ss. 7-12; forests 62-92 %, without
subalpine biotopes), forest-subalpine (ss. 13-15) and subalpine-alpine
type (ss. 16-18). Length of ecotones with woods is typical feature of
the landscape. Forest edges vary in range 10-58 m.ha-1 (ss. 1-6), 10-44
m.ha-1 (ss. 7-12) or between 7-29 m.ha-1 (ss. 13-16; with prevailing
man-modified subalpine tree-line edge). Length of the line elements
overgrown by woody species in the agricultural landscape – balks was
measured between 8-40 m.ha-1 (ss. 1-6) or 0.6-5.7 m.ha-1 (ss. 7-11).
Balks length is lower comparing some other areas (e.g. the Bohemian
Forest piedmont).
- The contemporary landscape structure was analyzed on the basis of
historical structure described in the cadastral maps. Indication
sketches of maps of stable cadastre from first half of 19th century were
used. An example of Dolní Dvůr (Niederhof) former cadastre is presented.
This area is lying in central part of the transect (ss. 7-14). Structure
of the historical landscape can be shortly described by representation
of forest 73.5 %, pastures 11.3 %, meadows 8.5 % and arable land 4.8 %.
Bare soil (without rocks) occupied 0.41 % - it is relatively high share.
It was not only plots with unfavorable edaphic conditions, but abandoned
areas and plots in surrounding of buildings too.
- Former estate division and their utilization reflect in actual features
of the landscape. Noticeable changes are visible in lower altitudes -
they are linked with recent building of settlements. The actual enclaves
with grasslands in middle altitudes maintain former size and boundary in
many cases. The most important shift was discovered in altitudes above
1100 m - surroundings of Přední Rennerovky and Zadní Rennerovky chalets.
A high portion of former pastures is actually overgrown by forests.
- Altitudinal gradient was reflected in the historical estate structure of
selected farmland enclaves: Strážné enclave (650 - 835 m a.s.l.)
contained arable land 27 %, meadows 57 % and pastures 11 %; Husí Boudy
chalets (835 - 975 m a.s.l.) had shares of arable land 10 %, meadows 66
%, pastures 17 % and very high portion of bare soils - 5.6 %; Lahrovy
boudy chalets (995 - 1118 m a.s.l.) showed arable land 2.3 % (!),
meadows 84 % and pastures 11 %; the Rennerovky chalets complex (1122 -
1362 m a.s.l.) contained meadows
18 % and pastures 82 %. There are three altitudinal zones with ratio
area of arable (ploughed) land to area of total agricultural land
(arable + meadows + pastures): (1) below 750 m a.s.l. - ratio is above
approximately 20 %, this zone is typical submountain agricultural
landscape; (2) from 750 to 1150 m a.s.l. - ratio decreases gradually
from 15 % to zero, it is typical zone of contemporary grassland
enclaves; (3) above 1150 m a.s.l. - subalpine and alpine zone without
ploughed land.
- Results will be compared with plant communities in the altitudinal
gradient.
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- Landscape (variability of ecosystem within a landscape segment)
- Ecosystem (species set within an ecosystem)
- Population (including genetic diversity of selected population)
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- Description of the basic features of landscape and vegetation cover
along selected landscape transect - the strip of 2 km in width and 18 km
in length. It begins near Horní Branná and ends in the upper parts near
Sněžka top.
- Quantify landscape long-term landscape changes using old cadastral maps
(1842).
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- Length of ecotones with woods is typical feature of the landscape.
- Forest edges vary in range 10-58 m.ha-1 (segments 1-6), 10-44
m.ha-1 (ss. 7-12) or between 7-29 m.ha-1 (ss.
13-16). Position of subalpine tree-line edge was man-modified.
- Length of the line elements overgrown by woody species in the
agricultural landscape – balks was measured between 8-40 m.ha-1
(ss. 1-6) or 0.6-5.7 m.ha-1 (ss. 7-11). Balks length is lower
comparing some other areas (e.g. the Bohemian Forest piedmont).
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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- There are several sharp altitudinal limits in the grassland
distribution:
- 890 m a.s.l. (segments 10/11): upper limit of classes *101 and *110
(mainly alliaces Arrhenatherion, Calthion), lower limit of class *100 (Polygono-Trisetion)
- 1200 m a.s.l. (segments 12/13): lower limit of class *010 – subalpine
zone
- 1400 m s.s.l. (segments 15/16): upper limit of classes *100 and *011
(communities with Carex bigelowii), lower limit of class *001 – alpine
zone
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- Both actual and historical management plays important part as drivers.
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- Selected landscape transect represents complex altitudinal gradient very
well.
- Landscape types are connected with environmental parameters (altitude,
geology, geomorphology etc.), actual land cover, vegetation types.
- Land cover history is very important fact determining composition of
vegetation.
- Wide (actual) forest areas in the Giant Mts. were used as pastures and
grasslands in history.
- Arable land had notable representation to elevation about 900-950 m
a.s.l.
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- Management of biodiversity in the areas of Krkonoše Mts. (Giant Mts.)
and Šumava Mts. (Bohemian Forest Mts.)
- 2006 - 2011
- Supplied by Ministry of education of Czech Rep.
- & IDS
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Poznámky